The 4 Theory's

Albert Bandura

Social cognitive theory By the mid-1980s, Bandura's research had taken a more holistic bent, and his analyses tended towards giving a more comprehensive overview of human cognition in the context of social learning. The theory he expanded from social learning theory soon became known as social cognitive theory.

Juilian Rotter

Rotter moved away from theories based on psychoanalysis and behaviourism, and developed a social learning theory. In Social Learning and Clinical Psychology (1954), Rotter suggested that the expected effect or outcome of the behavior has an impact on motivation of people to engage in that behavior.

Martin Seligman

Seligman developed the theory further, finding learned helplessness to be a psychological condition in which a human being or an animal has learned to act or behave helplessly in a particular situation - usually after experiencing some inability to avoid an adverse situation - even when it actually has the power to change its unpleasant or even harmful circumstance. Seligman saw a similarity with severely depressed patients, and argued that clinical depression and related mental illnesses result in part from a perceived absence of control over the outcome of a situation.

Aaron Beck

Depressed people have a negative cognition in three areas that are placed into the depressive triad. They develop negative views about: themselves, the world, and their future. Beck starts treatment by engaging in conversation with patients about their negative thoughts. Cognitive therapy has also been applied with success to individuals with anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and many other disorders. In recent years, cognitive therapy has been disseminated outside academic settings, including throughout the United Kingdom, and in a program developed by Dr. Beck and the City of Philadelphia

Lobotomy Walter Freeman

The psychiatrist Walter Freeman he was specialized in lobotomy, and was part of the American Psychiatric Association. He used lobotomy as medical treatment for diseases such as bipolar mainly. He performed nearly 2500 lobotomies in 23 states. A neurologist without surgical training, he initially worked with several surgeons, including James W. Watts. In 1936, he and Watts became the first American doctors to perform prefrontal lobotomy. He used ice picks to hammer them into each frontal lobe through the back of each eye socket. Freeman was able to perform these very quickly, outside of an operating room, and without a surgeon. For his first transorbital lobotomies, Freeman used an actual icepick from his kitchen. Later, n instrument created specifically for the operation called a leucotome. In 1948 Freeman developed a new technique which involved wrenching the leucotome in an upstroke after the initial insertion. This procedure placed great strain on the instrument and in one case resulted in the leucotome breaking off in the patient's skull. As a result, Freeman designed a new, stronger instrument, the orbitoclast. Year later Walter Freeman claimed lobotomy a success, but this treatment brings weakness, it causes people to develop other mental problems. People started to argue about this treatment and claimed that lobotomy was like an assault in the brain, Freeman's reputation was now coming to an end, but he didn't care about what others think about his treatment, he sometimes accidentally killed people in the patients room, either he was hitting to hard with the hammer or human error. In 1950 manufactures developed a medication that treated mental diseases, it was a substitution of lobotomy. He traveled throughout the country to treat patients one was Kennedy daughter which she had mental illness, so then doctor Freeman once again was going to perform lobotomy, and the end of the surgery the results where very bad, she was worst than before the lobotomy. Walter Freeman later died of Cancer in 1972.

Sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Jackson_Freeman_II

Bipolar disorder

After watching this video I was sad about Evans life. I couldn't believe how he could progress with this disorder and especially in society. In fact it was much terrible watching the boy with bipolar than being explained about it, and also thinking about death when you have other things much better to do such as being with family, laughing with your brothers , and enjoying life; I mean its like a waste of your life only arguing about your self that you hate your life. He was a great student at the school of New York, and had friends to be with, something that at least he felt that he was proud of, but sadly in a few hours he would go back to his negative state, and start thinking to commit suicide he even showed to his mom how he was going to kill himself. He was taken to special home where they took care of him and treated him for some days. He felt better after he came out of the home, and his parent where impressed that he was no longer in a irritated mood. Everything went well until one day he told his parents that he was going to do his homework, he closed himself in his room, and suddenly his parents heard a noise like if something fell from atop of the apartment, they rushed into Evans room and saw that he wasn't there and his window was open. They went down stairs and a person who lives in their apartment told them that he found a boy on the floor bleeding, that's where it was confirmed that it was Evan, they took him to the hospital but it he was already dead. His parents suffered for days, and he was put in the same grave where Evens father brother Scott was buried. 1 year later his parents went to the special home where Evan was treated, and they gave them another cabin where in one the wood boards his full name was was carved as an appreciation for helping there son.

Internal Assessment Stroop Effect

In psychology the Stroop Effect means the reaction time. The experiment was originally made by John Ridley Stroop in 1935. Today, records have shown that people had replicated this study 700 times. He conducted the experiment in 3 different ways: the 1st one was use the name of the colors in black ink, the 2nd was done the same way as the first one but with different color ink used, the last one was using squares with different colors. Sroop identified a large increase in the time taken by participants to complete the color reading in the second task compared to the naming of the color of the squares in experiment 2 while this delay did not appear in the first experiment. Such interference was explained by the automation of reading, where the mind automatically determines the semantic meaning of the word, and then must override this first impression with the identification of the color of the word a process that is not automatized. Unlike researchers performing the Stroop test that is most commonly used in psychological evaluation J.R Stroop never compares the time used for reading black words and the time needed for naming colors that conflicted with the written word. Stimuli in Stroop paradigms can be divided in 3 groups: neutral, congruent and incongruent. Neutral stimuli comprise those in which only the text, or color are displayed. Congruent stimuli are those in which the ink color and color name refer to the same concept. Incongruous stimuli are those in which ink color and concept differ. Three experimental findings are recurrently found in stroop experiments. A first finding is semantic interference, consisting in the fact that naming the ink of neutral stimuli is faster than in incongruent conditions. It is called semantic interference since it is usually accepted that the relationship in meaning between ink color and word is at the origin of the interference. Semantic facilitation defines the finding that naming the ink of congruent stimuli is faster than with neutral stimuli. The third finding is that both semantic interference and facilitation disappear when the task consists in reading the word instead of naming the ink. It has been sometimes called Stroop asyncrony, and has been explained by a reduced automaticitation when naming colors compared to reading.

Placebo Effect

The placebo effect is somewhat a felt improvement in health which dose not include medication or a proper treatment, also fake surgeries and therapies are considered placebos. In 1995 Henry K. Butcher found that 35% of the people recovered using pills with no active ingredients. Other researchers studied 10 of Butcher´s 15 studies and found that 67% of the peoples condition improved without the using a placebo, another study was shown that people who had a cold where given a placebo and they experienced improvements in six days. It was also found that Henry K. Butcher only reported the percentage of conditions that shows improvements of the placebo, not the percentage that deteriorated. After examining 800 studies of the placebo effect, that was published worldwide by Henry, there was no evidence for the alleged placebo effect. The researchers did an experiment using 3 groups of participants: a group with medication, a group with a placebo, and a group with no treatment. The results of the 3 groups where matched 100% of the time. In my opinion of the effectiveness of placebos its kind of weird how the body behaves when received a treatment that doesn't cure the disease, but I think that some placebo work because for example every time I get a headache I put a pillow on my head for 40 minutes and it results that the pain is relieved or slight pain remains.

Gender and Cultural Difference

The Gender

In this article the Psychologists Agneta Herlitz and Jenny Rehnman in Stockholm investigated that if man or women had more accurate memory in remembering every day events. They found that episodic memory was a strength for women, in detail this indicates that women are excellent at remembering words, objects, pictures of every day life, etc., but men have a better ability at remembering non-linguistic information for example, finding there way back when lost. Another discovery that they found was that women where better at remembering faces than men, to prove this they did a an experiment where they presented three groups of participants with black and white pictures of hairless, androgynous faces and described them as ‘female faces,’ ‘male faces’ or just ‘faces.’ The results where found that women where able to remember female faces than the male faces. To conclude this research they found that Environmental factors, and education influence the differences of memory between men and women.

The Culture

In this article Michelle Leichtman researches about memories of children and how well they can remember their childhood when they grow up, they found that people from the US have more strength in remembering their childhood because they grew up in societies that focus on individual personal history, but in Asia many people don't remember their childhood because they grew up in culture where they value there interdependence rather than personal autonomy.

Alzheimer's

Alzheimer's is a disease that occurs at the age of 65, in which your brain starts to deteriorate and you lose resent memories, your personality, and you might forget things that are common in your daily life such as the location of your house, or the names of your family.This disease starts off in the minor stage in which many symptoms are noticeable by others, as the person ages the disease get worse at the point in which you don't remember who you are, and other people who know the person will visualize him as a stranger. Not all people get Alzheimer's , and the people who get it don't necessarily get to the severe stage of Alzheimer's. After watching the video of people with Alzheimer's I felt sad for them because its terrible that you forget the common things that revolve around you, and your education. Especially your personality because when you become disrespectful and angry others will not what to talk to the person or take care of them, which basically they will be left alone until they die. Although there is a medicine that can slow down the progress of the disease, but not curing it, but I wish that in the future there will be a cure for Alzheimer's, my mom says that to prevent this disease you have to keep your brain active by reading, solving puzzles, or anything else that stimulates the brain.